Introduction
While I'm certain which you all understand the concept of friction, a lot of you possibly are strange with the time period "lubricity." Lubricity is defined inside the Merriam-Webster dictionary as: the capability for lowering friction. You can also consider it because the capacity of a lubricant (i.E. Oil, water, Teflon, and so forth.) to lessen friction between objects. Just on your statistics, the have a look at of lubricity is part of the larger technological know-how of Tribology - the study of interacting surfaces in relative movement. While this information may be very exciting to a few and uninteresting to others, it is essential for absolutely everyone who wishes to actually understand blade sprucing and polishing. So if you belong to this determined institution, or desire to, read on.
Lubricity & The Pursuit Of The Perfect Edge
Since the pursuit of the perfectly keen blade is our agenda here, allow's observe the standards of lubricity to the honing and stropping of quality blades. Assume we've got a flat floor blanketed with a liquid containing particles that are more difficult than metallic. Let us similarly assume that we're transferring a steel blade over that floor, the usage of simply the burden of the blade itself for downward stress. As the lubricity of the liquid increases, the friction among the abrasive floor, and the metallic contacting that floor, decreases. This decrease in friction reduces the potential of the abrasive to take away metal. The degree to which an abrasive eliminates material is often referred to as the "reducing energy" of the abrasive.
Since reducing energy is what we all want from our abrasive surfaces, we should always want to maintain lubricity to a minimal, proper? Well, that depends. Have you ever attempted honing a blade on a dry waterstone? How approximately on a dry DMT diamond plate? If you have, you have got already experienced the effects of very low lubricity - pretty a chunk of metallic is removed (now not constantly where you want it to be) and the stone or plate is quickly clogged with worn metallic fragments. This makes the abrasive floor an inconsistent cutter - leaving a few spots so one can cut harshly and others where cutting strength is really non-existent. Further, this lack of lubricity additionally makes for a completely hard aspect - something you may see under a microscope and, sincerely, feel against your pores and skin.
The Role Of Lubricants In Creating Better Edges
It is for these reasons that we typically use a lubricant (something which will increase lubricity) while we're honing. Lubricants lessen the friction among the abrasive and the blade - reducing slicing strength, however generating a more constant "cut" and a smoother part. The lubricant additionally helps to carry away the metallic (and "spent" abrasive debris) removed by using the abrasive in action, assisting to save you the "clogging" of the honing or stropping floor which occurs while the floor is just too dry. Lastly, the use of a lubricant extends the provider existence of an abrasive's floor.
Proper lubrication is maximum critical while you are the usage of an abrasive this is extensively more difficult than the piece you are attempting to sharpen or polish - and they don't come any tougher than diamond. Diamonds, herbal or artificial, are the toughest substance on this planet. Hardness is not the equal thing as sturdiness - you can take a hammer and easily damage an engagement ring (PLEASE do not do this at home); it just method that, while moved towards a softer material (which is everything else on earth apart from another diamond) with sufficient stress, the diamond will reduce into that material and put off a number of it. The intensity and form of this cut, and the quantity of cloth eliminated, are all impacted with the aid of the form of the diamond, the strain carried out to the workpiece against the diamond and, final however now not least, the lubricity of the solution status between it and the softer cloth.
Water is the maximum common and least costly lubricant. It also has extremely low lubricity and viscosity (a measure of the resistance of a fluid under stress, often called "thickness") - that is one of the reasons why it's now not used to lubricate the moving components in car and truck engines. It does, but, have characteristics which can be very suitable while honing a razor, best knife or device. It is abundant and less expensive, is effortlessly wiped clean up and does a truthful job of carrying away worn metallic and spent abrasive, making sure a extra steady "cut" and lengthening the lifestyles of abrasive materials. It additionally aids in generating a less jagged edge than you will in any other case produce the use of a dry floor, even though no longer almost as clean as one might get with a superior lubricant.
The Princess And The Pea - How Something Very Small Can Be Very Irritating
Even even though it's miles the primary topic of this paper, I am going to go away the issue of lubricity for a little even as to talk about abrasive debris at the micron and mainly the sub-micron tiers. You will have to believe me that this brief diversion is important and that I will go back to the subject in some paragraphs. Firstly let us fast attempt to wrap our brains across the concept of the micron-sized particle. To put microns in angle, you can want to recollect that the duration on the quit of this sentence is approximately four hundred microns across; and that one micron is equal to approximately 1/300th the diameter of a human hair strand. Sub-micron stage debris are glaringly even smaller - so small, in reality that Electron Microscopes are required to see them.
Despite this tiny size, there's a common complaint about slurries which make use of diamonds smaller than one micron in length - that they leave an edge this is too harsh or "toothy." This appears rather counter-intuitive while managing debris so tiny, however it is proper. This effect leads many honemeisters (men and women skilled in the art of creating perfect edges) to apply chromium oxide (a substance which is softer than diamond) pasted strops after using diamond slurry sprays. The reasoning runs something like this: "Diamonds are a more difficult substance and as a result will cut deeper and rougher scratches than will chromium oxide, therefore honing on chromium oxide is vital to 'smooth' the brink." This is most effective partially correct and is typically a end result of the usage of the incorrect sort of diamond within the incorrect manner.
Synthetic Monocrystalline Diamonds (SMD)
Most diamond slurry formulations bought for polishing high-quality blades (which include the ones bought by way of the modern market leader, HandAmerican), rely upon synthetic monocrystalline diamonds (SMD) as the abrasive.
Popular for extremely low fee and high durability, SMD diamond slurries are an superb preference for in advance stage material removal, however have some inherent issues that make it a terrible choice for very last completing work. These issues consist of, first and predominant, the form of the particle itself. It is "blocky" with very sharp, however only a few slicing edges. SMD slurries additionally be afflicted by issues with particle form, which includes the life of needle-like "slivers" and lengthy and flat "plate structures." These "strays," which often get beyond even the highest nice Particle Size Distribution (PSD) checking out equipment and processes, result in SMD's noticeably high "scratch fee" - tiny bits of harm to the blade's sub-floor. These scratches are not seen via magnification underneath a normal microscope (you will want an Electron Microscope to see them), however they can be perceived on an area this is used for shaving as "harshness."
For those reasons, SMD diamond slurries aren't the first desire of manufacturers wanting to produce the finest finishes. They are also why I do not advocate the usage of SMD diamonds in sub-micron level slurries used for final finishing/polishing. While it's miles past the scope of this paper to delve deeply into the situation of diamond morphology, I felt that I even have to mention it due to the fact there's a declare on the internet site of the current market leader, HandAmerican, that monocrystalline diamonds are more appropriate for completing due to the fact they may leave a much less "toothy edge" than polycrystalline diamonds ( http://www.Handamerican.Com/compoundnotes.Html#Particle%20Shape ). This just isn't actual. In reality, there are numerous research that attain exactly opposite conclusions.
Synthetic Polycrystalline Diamonds (SPD)
Synthetic polycrystalline diamonds (SPD) percentage many attributes in their monocrystalline cousins (mainly hardness), but their shape - fashioned with the aid of a controlled detonation of excessive explosives, is very distinctive. Each tiny SPD particle contains even smaller "microcrystallites" whose numerous planes are pointed in special crystallographic instructions every 10 to 50 nanometers (a degree considerably smaller than microns) - no matter the particle length distribution of the discern particle. The hardness of each person microcrystallite can be compared with that of artificial monocrystalline diamond. Due to the extra quantity of slicing edges and greater surface place concurrently contacting the workpiece, SPD-based slurries remove more metal than SMD slurries and are a great deal less probably to motive subsurface damage to the steel ±. But all of these top characteristics come at a rate - with polycrystalline diamonds costing a good deal extra than monocrystalline arrangements.
Lubricity Revisited
Earlier in this paper, I described the feature issues of the usage of abrasives with little or no lubricant - inconsistent slicing, harsh slicing and clogging of the abrasive floor. Considering what we have learned approximately the "stray" debris in SMD slurries, is it any marvel that those troubles might be compounded through using a solution with very low lubricity - mainly when you are the use of debris with an inherent tendency to "gouge?" Does scratching not worsen in a scarcity of lubrication?
Most diamond slurry sprays, along with the ones produced with the aid of HandAmerican (I acquired a 4oz bottle of.25 micron monocrystalline slurry spray for $34.95 from chefsknivestogo.Com), use vendors (the answer in which the abrasive particles are suspended) with very low lubricity - relying mostly on de-ionized water to reduce friction. You can see this in the way the product atomizes (sprays) - producing an incredibly great mist, much like tap water (A bit too exceptional, in my opinion. At a distance from the strop of five", it produces a difficult circle eight" in diameter - leaving extra slurry on the table than at the strop. Sprayed closer, the slurry is too "concentrated" in one spot.). It additionally dries pretty speedy on a a hundred% hard wool felt strop - also an indication of a number one dependence on water as a lubricant. You also can sense the almost complete absence of viscosity in the "draw" or friction perceived whilst stropping a blade towards a hard wool felt strop treated with the HandAmerican product. And on the grounds that it's far frequently used dry (which can also or might not be the meant approach of use - no commands are furnished), that friction is better - at least till the abraded metallic begins clogging the surface.
So after I strop a razor on difficult wool felt sprayed with this product, used moist or dry, I do locate that stropping on chromium oxide is necessary before use - because the blade coming off a strop sprayed with it does have a tendency to depart a harsh part. If you are running with knives, you likely need a harsher area - in particular at sub-micron stages, as the microscopic scratches may produce better cutting motion - you just might want to pay much less for it.
How To Get The Ultimate Edge For Less Money
We have customers everywhere in the international trying to placed the first-class feasible edges on razors, knives and fine equipment. In reaction to those needs, Little StropperTM has formulated products that use the much less high-priced synthetic monocrystalline diamonds in our 1 and a pair of micron slurries (in which a higher scratch rate subjects less and might even be acceptable), and the more high priced artificial polycrystalline diamonds (SPD) in our.50 micron and.25 micron slurries. Since the sub-micron degree slurries tend to be used for completing and polishing, we felt that the use of synthetic polycrystalline diamonds, with their tons decrease scratch rates, changed into worth the more expense. Additionally In all of our formulations, we use considerably better stages of water-soluble lubricants than you'll locate in the main manufacturers. So you will feel less friction when the use of our products, however you may get a higher and smoother area. You will also use less of the product, as we upload unique components designed to keep the stropping surface moist for long durations of time.
Another component you may respect is our charges. Even our SPD formulations, which utilize a miles extra high-priced diamond than do our SMD merchandise, are priced decrease than the leading brand. Depending on the components used, our products ounce-for-ounce cost up to 35% less than competitive products. We are announcing the following merchandise, as a way to be to be had for sale in January of 2011:
· 2 micron Premium Synthetic Monocrystalline Diamond Slurry Spray (2 oz.Size)
· 1 micron Premium Synthetic Monocrystalline Diamond Slurry Spray (2 oz.Size)
·.50 micron Premium Synthetic Polycrystalline Diamond Slurry Spray (2 ouncessize)
·.25 micron Premium Synthetic Polycrystalline Diamond Slurry Spray (2 oz.Size)
· SlurryLubeTM - an economically priced diamond slurry extender and lubricant (2 oz.Size)
Beware Competitors Bearing Carats
A word to the smart - be wary of diamond slurry producers that try to distract you from the price in their product by focusing at the range of carats of diamonds in the bottle. "Stuffing" an increasing number of diamond powder right into a bottle of slurry, at the same time as truely offering a motive for charging a excessive charge, is not likely to enhance the product's performance. The extra diamond particles simply grow to be being wasted. Our merchandise are formulated with a focus on performance and results - now not on carat weight. So you emerge as paying for effectiveness, no longer powdered diamond.
Conclusion
I even have used pretty a bit of technological know-how and jargon in this paper - I do apologize for this and have attempted to hold it to a minimum. But most of you analyzing this (and thanks for coming this far with me) are not Tribologists. You are folks that, like me, need a smooth close shave every day. You need knives with the intention to reduce cleanly without slipping. You need chisels and different bladed equipment with a purpose to get rid of cloth reliably with out "skipping" off surfaces or unfavorable your creations. You also need to spend much less money and time getting there.
https://learn.rcm.ac.uk/eportfolios/1056/Dumps/PSEPlatform_Pdf_Questions_Is_Vital_In_your_PSE_Platform_Exam__Find_out_Why
https://learn.rcm.ac.uk/eportfolios/1055/Brain_dumps/Why_PEGAPCSA80V1_2019_PDF_Questions_May_be_the_Only_Skill_You_really_want_For_PEGA_PCSA80_V1_2019_Exam
https://learn.rcm.ac.uk/eportfolios/1053/Questions/PEGACPBA74V1_Pdf_Questions_Will_help_You_Attain_Your_Desires
https://learn.rcm.ac.uk/eportfolios/1056/Dumps/PEGACRSA80V1_Pdf_Questions__The_Ultimate_Manual_To_PEGA_CRSA_80V1_Exam
https://learn.rcm.ac.uk/eportfolios/1054/exam_dumps/PEGACPMC74V1_Pdf_Questions_Is_Vital_To_the_PEGA_CPMC_74V1_Exam__Understand_Why
https://learn.rcm.ac.uk/eportfolios/1055/Brain_dumps/PEGACSA74V1_Pdf_Questions__The_Ultimate_Manual_To_PEGACSA74V1_Exam
References:
± Tumavitch, Nicholas J., The Evolution of Diamond for Optical Component Finishing, Recent trends inside the production of synthetic diamond abrasives have ended in an array of types appropriate for optical completing packages., 2005.
John H. Tischler is President of Vintage Shaving Shoppe, LLC. And Little StropperTM manufacturers. Our products may be bought at [http://www.Littlestropper.Com/store]. Some of our merchandise are already indexed and a few will seem in the coming weeks. If you have got questions, please contact us at data@littlestropper.Com.
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